![]() ![]() It will return the packet to the source network without fragmentation. The target device can rejoin the fragments later. If DF status is inactive, the router can split a packet into fragments. ![]() IPv4: When the Don’t Fragment (DF) flag is active, the fragmentation of the packet is not possible.However, depending on the type of IP protocol, such as IPv4 and IPv6 following conditions may occur: So what happens if the packet is larger than the MTU of the intermediary network or target device? The answer is to halve the packet further into pieces, and this process is known as fragmentation. The individual pieces are fragments that are then rejoined at the target network to retrieve the complete packet. The packet size must be smaller than the MTU of the target and intermediary network. This restriction is by the network data link layer and hardware MTUs. Let’s assume a source device using TCP communication that sends an IP packet over the network. Splitting data efficiently helps the network manage different network parameters, such as bandwidth, route, and device connections. In the end, they get combined to retrieve the same image file: The packet contains information for directing them to the target address and information for checking transmission error and data integrity. The packets get rejoined by the receiving network device to reconstruct the image file. The packets contain parts of the image that travel separately. For example, when we transfer an image file, the file is divided into several packets. The data or message content is the payload. The header has the port & IP address of the source and destination network device. Each packet generally includes a header and a payload. ![]() A packet is a single data unit within the Network Layer in the OSI model. TCP PACKET SENDER IN C SERIALThe main difference between frame and packet is that frame is the serial collection of bits, and a packet is the fragmented data encapsulated in a frame. Frame & Packetĭigital data exchange within a computer network uses frames and packets. The following figure explains the above process: When the packets arrive at the Physical Layer of the target network (Host2 in the above figure), each layer at the target email server processes the packets to retrieve the data and show our email in the target Inbox. Data Link Layer prepares the packet to transfer over the Ethernet, and the Physical Layer eventually transmits the frame over the physical connection like LAN cable, WiFi, or broadband. It is interesting that even if each packet is travelling for the same target, the route they use to travel may be different. The Network Layer defines the routing path of packets by adding corresponding IP addresses. The Transport Layer splits the message into multiple packets and adds port information of both source and destination servers. The Session Layer establishes and maintains the connection with the target server. The Presentation Layer converts our mail into ASCII and images. In the Application Layer, the email client uses SMTP protocol to communicate with the email server when we send an email. Each layer of the source server communicates to the corresponding layer of the target server. Let’s take the example of email communication to understand TCP communication: We can see from the above figure an email undergoes processing through the seven layers of the OSI model. We’ll explain more about how the packet works in subsequent sections. Almost all connections involving the internet uses a TCP connection. TCP receives messages from a network resource such as a server, router, switches, splits them into packets, and finally forwards them to the target network resource. TCP connection uses TCP, one of the core protocols in the internet protocol suite, and offers a dependable protocol for digital communication. ![]()
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